Trinocular Head Biological Microscope

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Compound microscope basics

The greatest confusion is between binocular compound and binocular stereo microscopes. The first uses two eyepices, but they converge into a single optical path using prisms in the eyepiece head. A binocular stereo system retains seperate optical paths all the way to the subject, or final objective (depending on type). This will hopefully help in explaining why a stereo microscope gives that 3D perception, because in effect each eye is veiwing the subject from two slightly different angles.

The compound views only vertcally from above the sample. The compound / upright / routine light microscope, can have one or two eyepieces, monocular and binocular, when a tinocular head is stated this means it has a third optical port, which allows a camera to be fitted, without first removing an eyepiece. A stereo microscope can never have less than two eyepieces!! The term compound comes from the way the optical system works. Magnification is achived using at least two lenses. For example if you have 10x eyepieces and a 10x final objective lens, the magnication will be 100x, this is compound magnification.

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Microscope history

Ancient History: From ancient times, man has wanted to see things far smaller than could be perceived with the naked eye. Although the first use of a lens is a bit of a mystery, it's now believed that use of lenses is more modern than previously thought. However, it has been known for over 2000 years that glass bends light. In the 2nd Century BC, Claudius Ptolemy described a stick appearing to bend in a pool of water, and accurately recorded the angles to within half a degree. He then very accurately calculated the refraction constant of water. During the 1st century AD (year 100), glass had been invented and the Romans were looking through the glass and testing it. They experimented with different shapes of clear glass and one of their samples was thick in the middle and thin on the edges. They discovered that if you held one of these "lenses" over an object, the object would look larger. These early lenses were called magnifiers or burning glasses. The word lens is actually derived from the Latin word lentil, as they were named because they resembled the shape of a lentil bean. At the same time, Seneca described actual magnification by a globe of water. "Letters, however small and indistinct, are seen enlarged and more clearly through a globe of glass filled with water." The lenses were not used much until the end of the 13th century when spectacle makers were producing lenses to be worn as glasses. Then, around 1600, it was discovered that optical instruments could be made by combining lenses.

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